What Animal Species Is Most Likely Caused The Strangeevolution Of Platypus

Species of mammal

Platypus[1] Temporal range: 9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O Due south D C P T J 1000 Pg N Miocene to Recent
Conservation condition
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Mammaliaformes
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Monotremata
Family:	Ornithorhynchidae
Genus:	Ornithorhynchus Blumenbach, 1800
Species:	O. anatinus
Binomial name
Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799)
Platypus range (red – native, yellow – introduced)
Synonyms[3]
Ornithorhynchus agilis de Vis, 1886 Platypus anatinus Shaw, 1799

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal owned to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or monotypic taxon of its family unit (Ornithorhynchidae)^[4] and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record.

Together with the 4 species of echidna, it is one of the v extant species of monotremes. It is one of the few mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. Similar other monotremes, it senses casualty through electrolocation. It is one of the few species of venomous mammals, as the male person platypus has a spur on the hind human foot that delivers a venom, capable of causing severe pain to humans. The unusual appearance of this egg-laying, duck-billed, beaver-tailed, otter-footed mammal baffled European naturalists when they kickoff encountered it, and the first scientists to examine a preserved platypus trunk (in 1799) judged it a fake, made of several animals sewn together.

The unique features of the platypus make it an important subject in the study of evolutionary biology, and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia. Information technology is culturally meaning to several Aboriginal peoples of Australia, who also used to hunt the animal for food. Information technology has appeared equally a mascot at national events and features on the reverse of the Australian 20-cent coin, and the platypus is the animal emblem of the state of New Southward Wales. Until the early on 20th century, humans hunted the platypus for its fur, but it is now protected throughout its range. Although captive-breeding programs take had simply limited success, and the platypus is vulnerable to the furnishings of pollution, it is not under any immediate threat.

As of 2020^[update], the platypus is a legally protected species in all states where information technology occurs. It is listed as an endangered species in South Australia and Victoria and has been recommended for listing in New South Wales.^[5] The species is classified as a virtually-threatened species by the IUCN, but a November 2020 report has recommended that information technology is upgraded to threatened species under the federal EPBC Deed, due to habitat destruction and declining numbers in all states.

Taxonomy and etymology

Frederick Nodder's illustration from the first scientific description in 1799 of "Platypus anatinus"

When the platypus was offset encountered by Europeans in 1798, a pelt and sketch were sent dorsum to U.k. past Captain John Hunter, the 2nd Governor of New Southward Wales.^[vi] British scientists' initial hunch was that the attributes were a hoax.^[7] George Shaw, who produced the first description of the brute in the Naturalist's Miscellany in 1799, stated it was impossible not to entertain doubts as to its genuine nature,^[8] and Robert Knox believed it might have been produced past some Asian taxidermist.^[seven] Information technology was idea that somebody had sewn a duck'southward beak onto the body of a beaver-similar animate being. Shaw even took a pair of scissors to the stale pare to check for stitches.^{[9] [eight]}

The common name "platypus" literally means 'flat-human foot', deriving from the Greek word platúpous (πλατύπους),^[10] from platús (πλατύς 'broad, broad, flat')^[11] and poús (πούς 'foot').^{[12] [13]} Shaw initially assigned the species the Linnaean name Platypus anatinus when he described it,^[xiv] but the genus term was quickly discovered to already exist in apply every bit the name of the wood-boring ambrosia beetle genus Platypus.^[fifteen] It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 (from a specimen given to him by Sir Joseph Banks)^[16] and following the rules of priority of classification, it was later officially recognised equally Ornithorhynchus anatinus.^[xv]

The scientific name Ornithorhynchus anatinus literally ways 'duck-like bird-snout', deriving its genus name from the Greek root ornith- (όρνιθ 'bird') and the word rhúnkhos (ῥύγχος 'snout'), and deriving its species proper name from Latin anatinus ('duck-similar').^[14]

At that place is no universally-agreed plural form of "platypus" in the English linguistic communication. Scientists generally use "platypuses" or simply "platypus". Colloquially, the term "platypi" is besides used for the plural, although this is a course of pseudo-Latin;^[9] going past the word's Greek roots the plural would be "platypodes". Early British settlers called it by many names, such every bit "watermole", "duckbill", and "duckmole".^[ix] Occasionally it is specifically called the "duck-billed platypus".

Clarification

In David Collins'southward account of the new colony 1788–1801, he describes coming across "an amphibious beast, of the mole species". His account includes a drawing of the animal.^[17]

The body and the broad, flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense, brownish, biofluorescent fur that traps a layer of insulating air to keep the animate being warm.^{[9] [15] [18]} The fur is waterproof, and the texture is akin to that of a mole.^[19] The platypus uses its tail for storage of fatty reserves (an adaptation too constitute in animals such as the Tasmanian devil^[20]). The webbing on the feet is more meaning on the front end feet and is folded back when walking on state. The elongated snout and lower jaw are covered in soft skin, forming the nib. The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout, while the eyes and ears are located in a groove set only dorsum from it; this groove is closed when pond.^[15] Platypuses have been heard to emit a low growl when disturbed and a range of other vocalisations have been reported in captive specimens.^[9]

A colour impress of platypuses from 1863

Weight varies considerably from 0.seven to 2.iv kg (1 lb 9 oz to five lb 5 oz), with males being larger than females. Males average 50 cm (twenty in) in full length, while females average 43 cm (17 in),^[15] with substantial variation in boilerplate size from one region to another. This pattern does not seem to follow any particular climatic rule and may be due to other environmental factors, such as predation and homo encroachment.^[21]

The platypus has an average body temperature of nigh 32 °C (xc °F) rather than the 37 °C (99 °F) typical of placental mammals.^[22] Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to harsh environmental conditions on the part of the small number of surviving monotreme species rather than a historical characteristic of monotremes.^{[23] [24]}

Modern platypus young have 3 teeth in each of the maxillae (one premolar and two molars) and dentaries (three molars), which they lose earlier or only after leaving the convenance burrow;^[15] adults have heavily keratinised pads called ceratodontes in their place, which they use to grind nutrient.^{[15] [25] [26]} The kickoff upper and tertiary lower cheek teeth of platypus nestlings are pocket-size, each having one principal cusp, while the other teeth accept ii main cusps.^[27] The platypus jaw is constructed differently from that of other mammals, and the jaw-opening musculus is dissimilar.^[15] Equally in all true mammals, the tiny bones that acquit audio in the middle ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in pre mammalian synapsids. Nevertheless, the external opening of the ear nevertheless lies at the base of the jaw.^[15] The platypus has extra bones in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle, which is not constitute in other mammals.^[15] As in many other aquatic and semiaquatic vertebrates, the bones bear witness osteosclerosis, increasing their density to provide ballast.^[28] It has a reptilian gait, with the legs on the sides of the body, rather than underneath.^[fifteen] When on country, it engages in knuckle-walking on its front feet, to protect the webbing betwixt the toes.^[29]

Venom

The calcaneus spur plant on the male's hind limb is used to deliver venom.

While both male and female person platypuses are built-in with ankle spurs, only the spurs on the male's back ankles deliver venom,^{[30] [31] [32]} composed largely of defensin-similar proteins (DLPs), three of which are unique to the platypus.^[33] The DLPs are produced by the immune system of the platypus. The function of defensins is to crusade lysis in pathogenic leaner and viruses, just in platypuses they likewise are formed into venom for defense. Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such as dogs, the venom is not lethal to humans, but the pain is so excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated.^{[33] [34]} Oedema quickly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the afflicted limb. Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal testify indicates the pain develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to pain) that persists for days or even months.^{[35] [36]} Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb. The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds that practise not develop (dropping off before the cease of their first year) and lack functional crural glands.^[15]

The venom appears to take a different function from those produced past non-mammalian species; its furnishings are non life-threatening to humans, but nonetheless powerful enough to seriously impair the victim. Since only males produce venom and product rises during the convenance flavor, it may exist used equally an offensive weapon to assert dominance during this catamenia.^[33]

Like spurs are found on many primitive mammal groups, indicating that this is an ancient characteristic for mammals as a whole, and not exclusive to the platypus or other monotremes.^[37]

Electrolocation

Platypus shown to children

Monotremes are the only mammals (apart from at least 1 species of dolphin)^[38] known to have a sense of electroreception: they locate their prey in part past detecting electric fields generated by muscular contractions. The platypus'southward electroreception is the near sensitive of any monotreme.^{[39] [40]}

The electroreceptors are located in rostrocaudal rows in the pare of the bill, while mechanoreceptors (which detect impact) are uniformly distributed across the bill. The electrosensory area of the cerebral cortex is contained within the tactile somatosensory surface area, and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting a close clan betwixt the tactile and electric senses. Both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the nib dominate the somatotopic map of the platypus encephalon, in the same fashion human hands dominate the Penfield homunculus map.^{[41] [42]}

The platypus can determine the management of an electric source, perhaps by comparison differences in point strength across the sheet of electroreceptors. This would explain the characteristic side-to-side motility of the animate being's caput while hunting. The cortical convergence of electrosensory and tactile inputs suggests a mechanism that determines the distance of prey that, when they move, emit both electrical signals and mechanical pressure level pulses. The platypus uses the difference betwixt arrival times of the ii signals to sense distance.^[40]

Feeding by neither sight nor smell,^[43] the platypus closes its eyes, ears, and nose each time it dives.^[44] Rather, when it digs in the lesser of streams with its pecker, its electroreceptors detect tiny electric currents generated by muscular contractions of its casualty, so enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects, which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors.^[xl] Experiments have shown the platypus will even react to an "artificial shrimp" if a small electric electric current is passed through it.^[45]

Monotreme electrolocation probably evolved in lodge to allow the animals to forage in murky waters, and may exist tied to their tooth loss.^[46] The extinct Obdurodon was electroreceptive, but unlike the mod platypus it foraged pelagically (near the body of water surface).^[46]

Eyes

In recent studies it has been suggested that the eyes of the platypus are more than similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of nearly tetrapods. The optics besides contain double cones, which most mammals practice not have.^[47]

Although the platypus's eyes are small and not used under water, several features indicate that vision played an important role in its ancestors. The corneal surface and the side by side surface of the lens is flat while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved, similar to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such as otters and sea-lions. A temporal (ear side) concentration of retinal ganglion cells, important for binocular vision, indicates a role in predation, while the accompanying visual acuity is bereft for such activities. Furthermore, this express acuity is matched past a low cortical magnification, a small lateral geniculate nucleus and a large optic tectum, suggesting that the visual midbrain plays a more than important role than the visual cortex, every bit in some rodents. These features suggest that the platypus has adapted to an aquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, developing its electrosensory system at the cost of its visual system; an evolutionary process paralleled past the small-scale number of electroreceptors in the short-beaked echidna, which dwells in dry out environments, whilst the long-beaked echidna, which lives in moist environments, is intermediate between the other two monotremes.^[41]

Biofluorescence

In 2020, research in biofluorescence revealed that the platypus glows a blueish-green color when exposed to black light.^[48]

Distribution, ecology, and behaviour

Dentition, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History

The platypus is semiaquatic, inhabiting small streams and rivers over an extensive range from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of littoral Queensland equally far north equally the base of the Cape York Peninsula.^[49]

Inland, its distribution is not well known. It was considered extinct on the S Australian mainland, with the concluding sighting recorded at Renmark in 1975,^[50] until some years later on John Wamsley had created Warrawong Sanctuary (come across beneath) in the 1980s, setting a platypus convenance program there, and it had subsequently closed.^{[51] [52]} In 2017 there were some unconfirmed sightings downstream, outside the sanctuary,^[50] and in October 2020 a nesting platypus was filmed inside the recently reopened sanctuary.^[53] There is a population on Kangaroo Island^[54] introduced in the 1920s, which was said to stand at 150 individuals in the Rocky River region of Flinders Chase National Park before the 2019–twenty Australian bushfire flavor, in which big portions of the isle burnt, decimating all wild animals. Yet, with the SA Department for Environment and Water recovery teams working hard to reinstate their habitat, there had been a number of sightings reported by April 2020.^[55]

The platypus is no longer constitute in the main function of the Murray-Darling Basin, possibly due to the declining water quality brought about by all-encompassing country clearing and irrigation schemes.^[56] Along the coastal river systems, its distribution is unpredictable; it appears to be absent from some relatively healthy rivers, and even so maintains a presence in others, for example, the lower Maribyrnong, that are quite degraded.^[57]

In captivity, platypuses accept survived to 17 years of historic period, and wild specimens have been recaptured when 11 years old. Mortality rates for adults in the wild announced to be depression.^[fifteen] Natural predators include snakes, water rats, goannas, hawks, owls, and eagles. Low platypus numbers in northern Commonwealth of australia are possibly due to predation by crocodiles.^[58] The introduction of blood-red foxes in 1845 for hunting may take had some impact on its numbers on the mainland.^[21] The platypus is mostly regarded every bit nocturnal and crepuscular, but individuals are also active during the day, particularly when the sky is overcast.^{[59] [threescore]} Its habitat bridges rivers and the riparian zone for both a food supply of prey species, and banks where it can dig resting and nesting burrows.^[60] It may have a range of up to 7 km (four.iii mi), with a male's habitation range overlapping those of 3 or iv females.^[61]

The platypus is an fantabulous swimmer and spends much of its time in the water foraging for food. It has a very characteristic swimming style and no external ears.^[62] Uniquely among mammals, it propels itself when swimming by an alternating rowing motion of the front anxiety; although all four feet of the platypus are webbed, the hind anxiety (which are held against the body) practise not assist in propulsion, but are used for steering in combination with the tail.^[63] The species is endothermic, maintaining its torso temperature at about 32°C (90°F), lower than nearly mammals, even while foraging for hours in water below 5°C (41°F).^[fifteen]

Dives commonly last around 30 seconds, but tin concluding longer, although few exceed the estimated aerobic limit of 40 seconds. Recovery at the surface between dives commonly takes from x to 20 seconds.^{[64] [65]}

When not in the h2o, the platypus retires to a short, straight resting burrow of oval cross-section, virtually e'er in the riverbank not far in a higher place water level, and often hidden nether a protective tangle of roots.^[62]

The average sleep fourth dimension of a platypus is said to exist every bit long as 14 hours per day, possibly because it eats crustaceans, which provide a high level of calories.^[66]

Diet

The platypus is a carnivore: it feeds on annelid worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimp, and freshwater yabby (crayfish) that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface, where it is eaten.^[62] The platypus needs to eat virtually 20% of its ain weight each solar day, which requires information technology to spend an boilerplate of 12 hours daily looking for nutrient.^[64]

Reproduction

Platypus's nest with eggs (replica)

When the platypus was kickoff encountered by European naturalists, they were divided over whether the female lays eggs. This was finally confirmed by William Hay Caldwell'due south team in 1884.^{[15] [33]}

The species exhibits a single breeding season; mating occurs between June and October, with some local variation taking place between different populations across its range.^[58] Historical observation, marking-and-recapture studies, and preliminary investigations of population genetics bespeak the possibility of both resident and transient members of populations, and suggest a polygynous mating system.^[67] Females are thought likely to get sexually mature in their second year, with breeding confirmed still to have place in animals over nine years erstwhile.^[67]

Outside the mating season, the platypus lives in a uncomplicated ground burrow, the archway of which is virtually thirty cm (12 in) higher up the water level. Afterward mating, the female person constructs a deeper, more than elaborate couch up to 20 m (65 ft) long and blocked at intervals with plugs (which may act as a safeguard against rise waters or predators, or every bit a method of regulating humidity and temperature).^[68] The male takes no office in caring for his young, and retreats to his yr-long burrow. The female softens the ground in the burrow with dead, folded, wet leaves, and she fills the nest at the stop of the tunnel with fallen leaves and reeds for bedding material. This cloth is dragged to the nest by tucking it underneath her curled tail.^[9]

The female platypus has a pair of ovaries, only only the left 1 is functional.^[59] The platypus's genes are a possible evolutionary link between the mammalian XY and bird/reptile ZW sex activity-determination systems considering one of the platypus's 5 10 chromosomes contains the DMRT1 gene, which birds possess on their Z chromosome.^[69] It lays ane to three (usually two) pocket-sized, leathery eggs (similar to those of reptiles), about eleven mm ( 7⁄16  in) in diameter and slightly rounder than bird eggs.^[70] The eggs develop in utero for almost 28 days, with only well-nigh 10 days of external incubation (in dissimilarity to a chicken egg, which spends about one twenty-four hours in tract and 21 days externally).^[59] After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into iii phases.^[71] In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is captivated by the developing immature.^[72] During the second phase, the digits develop, and in the last phase, the egg tooth appears.^[71]

Virtually mammal zygotes go through holoblastic cleavage, meaning that, following fertilization, the ovum is split due to cell divisions into multiple, divisible daughter cells. This is in comparison to the more ancestral process of meroblastic cleavage, present in monotremes like the platypus and in not-mammals like reptiles and birds. In meroblastic cleavage, the ovum does not split completely. This causes the cells at the border of the yolk to be cytoplasmically continuous with the egg's cytoplasm. This allows the yolk, which contains the embryo, to commutation waste and nutrients with the cytoplasm.^[73]

There is no official term for platypus young, simply the term "platypup" sees unofficial use, as does "puggle".^{[74] [75]} Newly hatched platypuses are vulnerable, blind, and hairless, and are fed past the mother'southward milk. Although possessing mammary glands, the platypus lacks teats. Instead, milk is released through pores in the skin. The milk pools in grooves on her abdomen, allowing the young to lap it up.^{[nine] [58]} Subsequently they hatch, the offspring are suckled for three to 4 months. During incubation and weaning, the female parent initially leaves the burrow only for short periods, to forage. When doing so, she creates a number of sparse soil plugs along the length of the burrow, possibly to protect the immature from predators; pushing by these on her return forces water from her fur and allows the burrow to remain dry.^[76] After about five weeks, the mother begins to spend more time abroad from her young, and at around four months, the young emerge from the burrow.^[58] A platypus is born with teeth, simply these drop out at a very early on age, leaving the horny plates it uses to grind food.^[25]

Development

Evolutionary relationships betwixt the platypus and other mammals[77]

The platypus and other monotremes were very poorly understood, and some of the 19th century myths that grew up effectually them – for example, that the monotremes were "junior" or quasireptilian – even so endure.^[78] In 1947, William Male monarch Gregory theorised that placental mammals and marsupials may take diverged earlier, and a subsequent branching divided the monotremes and marsupials, only afterwards inquiry and fossil discoveries accept suggested this is incorrect.^{[78] [79]} In fact, modern monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree, and a after branching is thought to have led to the marsupial and placental groups.^{[78] [80]} Molecular clock and fossil dating advise platypuses split from echidnas around 19–48million years ago.^[81]

Reconstruction of ancient platypus relative Steropodon

The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to nearly 100,000 years ago, during the Quaternary menstruum. The extinct monotremes Teinolophos and Steropodon were once thought to be closely related to the modernistic platypus,^[79] merely are now considered more basal taxa.^[82] The fossilised Steropodon was discovered in New South Wales and is composed of an opalised lower jawbone with three tooth teeth (whereas the adult contemporary platypus is toothless). The tooth teeth were initially thought to exist tribosphenic, which would have supported a variation of Gregory'south theory, but afterwards research has suggested, while they have 3 cusps, they evolved under a separate process.^[83] The fossil is thought to be near 110million years old, making information technology the oldest mammal fossil found in Australia. Dissimilar the modernistic platypus (and echidnas), Teinolophos lacked a beak.^[82]

Monotrematum sudamericanum, another fossil relative of the platypus, has been found in Argentina, indicating monotremes were present in the supercontinent of Gondwana when the continents of Due south America and Australia were joined via Antarctica (until about 167million years ago).^{[83] [84]} A fossilised molar of a giant platypus species, Obdurodon tharalkooschild, was dated 5–15million years agone. Judging by the tooth, the animal measured one.iii metres long, making it the largest platypus on record.^[85]

Because of the early on divergence from the therian mammals and the low numbers of extant monotreme species, the platypus is a frequent bailiwick of research in evolutionary biological science. In 2004, researchers at the Australian National University discovered the platypus has 10 sex chromosomes, compared with two (XY) in most other mammals. These ten chromosomes form 5 unique pairs of XY in males and 20 in females, i.due east. males are 10_iY_oneTen₂Y₂X₃Y_iiiTen_ivY₄X₅Y₅.^[86] I of the X chromosomes of the platypus has groovy homology to the bird Z chromosome.^[87] The platypus genome also has both reptilian and mammalian genes associated with egg fertilisation.^{[43] [88]} Though the platypus lacks the mammalian sex activity-determining factor SRY, a study found that the machinery of sex determination is the AMH gene on the oldest Y chromosome.^{[89] [ninety]} A draft version of the platypus genome sequence was published in Nature on 8May 2008, revealing both reptilian and mammalian elements, as well as two genes plant previously simply in birds, amphibians, and fish. More than 80% of the platypus's genes are mutual to the other mammals whose genomes have been sequenced.^[43] An updated genome, the most complete on record, was published in 2021, together with the genome of the curt-beaked echidna.^[91]

Conservation

A depiction of a platypus from a book for children published in Germany in 1798

Status and threats

Except for its loss from the country of Southward Commonwealth of australia, the platypus occupies the same general distribution every bit it did prior to European settlement of Australia. However, local changes and fragmentation of distribution due to human modification of its habitat are documented. Its historical affluence is unknown and its electric current abundance hard to approximate, but it is causeless to have declined in numbers, although equally of 1998 was however being considered equally common over nearly of its current range.^[lx] The species was extensively hunted for its fur until the early on years of the 20th century and, although protected throughout Australia since 1905,^[76] until about 1950 information technology was still at take chances of drowning in the nets of inland fisheries.^[56]

The International Marriage for Conservation of Nature recategorised its condition as "near threatened" in 2016.^[92] The species is protected by police, but the only state in which it is listed equally endangered is South Australia, under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. In 2020 it has been recommended to be listed every bit a vulnerable species in Victoria under the state'south Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.^[93]

Habitat devastation

The platypus is not considered to exist in firsthand danger of extinction, because conservation measures have been successful, but it could exist adversely afflicted by habitat disruption caused by dams, irrigation, pollution, netting, and trapping. Reduction of watercourse flows and h2o levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are too considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Ruby List as "Most Threatened"^[2] as assessed in 2016, when it was estimated that numbers had reduced by virtually xxx percentage on average since European settlement. The animal is listed as endangered in South Australia, but it is non covered at all under the federal EPBC Human activity.^{[94] [95]}

Researchers have worried for years that declines accept been greater than assumed.^[94] In January 2020, researchers from the University of New South Wales presented testify that the platypus is at risk of extinction, due to a combination of extraction of h2o resource, state clearing, climate change and severe drought.^{[96] [97]} The study predicted that, considering current threats, the animals' abundance would refuse by 47%–66% and metapopulation occupancy past 22%–32% over 50 years, causing "extinction of local populations across about xl% of the range". Under projections of climate change projections to 2070, reduced habitat due to drought would lead to 51–73% reduced abundance and 36–56% reduced metapopulation occupancy within 50 years respectively. These predictions suggested that the species would fall under the "Vulnerable" classification. The authors stressed the need for national conservation efforts, which might include conducting more surveys, tracking trends, reduction of threats and comeback of river management to ensure healthy platypus habitat.^[98] Co-writer Gilad Bino is concerned that the estimates of the 2016 baseline numbers could exist incorrect, and numbers may have been reduced by every bit much as half already.^[94]

A November 2020 study by scientists from the University of New South Wales, funded past a research grant from the Australian Conservation Foundation in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund Australia and the Humane Society International Australia revealed that that platypus habitat in Australia had shrunk past 22 per cent in the previous xxx years, and recommended that the platypus should exist listed every bit a threatened species under the EPBC Deed.^[99] Declines in population had been greatest in NSW, in particular in the Murray-Darling Basin.^{[100] [101] [93]}

Disease

Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; yet, as of 2008 there was business concern in Tasmania most the potential impacts of a disease caused past the mucus Mucor amphibiorum. The affliction (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and had not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs. Mucormycosis can kill platypuses, death arising from secondary infection and by affecting the animals' power to maintain torso temperature and fodder efficiently. The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Section of Primary Industries and Water collaborated with NRM due north and Academy of Tasmania researchers to determine the impacts of the disease on Tasmanian platypuses, too as the mechanism of transmission and spread of the disease.^[102]

Platypus in wildlife sanctuaries

Much of the world was introduced to the platypus in 1939 when National Geographic Magazine published an article on the platypus and the efforts to written report and heighten it in captivity. The latter is a difficult chore, and just a few young have been successfully raised since, notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria. The leading figure in these efforts was David Fleay, who established a platypusary (a simulated stream in a tank) at the Healesville Sanctuary, where convenance was successful in 1943.^[103] In 1972, he constitute a expressionless baby of about 50 days onetime, which had presumably been born in captivity, at his wild animals park at Burleigh Heads on the Golden Coast, Queensland.^[104] Healesville repeated its success in 1998 and again in 2000 with a similar stream tank.^[105] Since 2008, platypus has bred regularly at Healesville,^[106] including second-generation (captive born themselves breeding in captivity).^[107] Taronga Zoo in Sydney bred twins in 2003, and convenance was again successful at that place in 2006.^[105]

Platypuses are kept at the post-obit sanctuaries:

Queensland

• David Fleay Wild animals Park, Gold Coast, Queensland
• Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Fig Tree Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland^[108]
• Walkabout Creek Wild animals Eye, The Gap, Brisbane, Queensland^[109]
• The Australian Platypus Park at Tarzali Lakes, Millaa Millaa, Queensland^[110]

New South Wales

• Taronga Zoo, Sydney, New South Wales
• Sydney Wild Life, Sydney, New Southward Wales
• Australian Reptile Park, Somersby, New South Wales

Due south Commonwealth of australia

• Warrawong Wildlife Sanctuary in the Adelaide Hills^[111]

Victoria

• Healesville Sanctuary, near Melbourne, Victoria, where the platypus was first bred in captivity by naturalist David Fleay in 1943.^[103] The first platypus "born" in captivity was named Corrie and was quite popular with the public. In 1955, iii months before a new "platypussary" (later on "aviary") was opened, she escaped from her pen into the nearby Annoy Creek and was never recovered.

United States

As of 2019, the only platypuses in captivity outside of Australia are in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in the U.S. state of California.^{[112] [113]}

Three attempts were made to bring the animals to the Bronx Zoo, in 1922, 1947, and 1958; of these, only two of the iii animals introduced in 1947 lived longer than eighteen months.^[114]

Usage by humans

A platypus fur cape made in 1890. It was donated to the National Gallery of Victoria past Mrs F Smith in 1985

Aboriginal Australians used to hunt platypuses for food (their fatty tails existence peculiarly nutritious), while, later on colonisation, Europeans hunted them for fur from the late 19th century and until 1912, when it was prohibited by law. In addition, European researchers captured and killed platypus or removed their eggs, partly in club to increase scientific knowledge, but likewise to gain prestige and outcompete rivals from dissimilar countries.^[93]

Cultural references

Large carving of a platypus at the Australian Axeman's Hall of Fame

9d postage stamp stamp from 1937

The platypus has been a subject in the Dreamtime stories of Aboriginal Australians, some of whom believed the animal was a hybrid of a duck and a h2o rat.^{[115] : 57–60}

Co-ordinate to i story of the upper Darling River,^[93] the major animal groups, the land animals, water animals and birds, all competed for the platypus to join their corresponding groups, just the platypus ultimately decided to not join any of them, feeling that he did not demand to be part of a group to exist special,^{[115] : 83–85} and wished to remain friends with all of those groups.^[93] Another Dreaming story emanate of the upper Darling tells of a young duck which ventured too far, ignoring the warnings of her tribe, and was kidnapped by a large h2o-rat called Biggoon. After managing to escape after some fourth dimension, she returned and laid two eggs which hatched into foreign furry creatures, so they were all banished and went to alive in the mountains.^[93]

Early 20th century platypus matchbox label art

The platypus is likewise used by some Aboriginal peoples as a totem, which is to them "a natural object, plant or animal that is inherited by members of a clan or family as their spiritual emblem", and the animal holds special meaning equally a totem brute for the Wadi Wadi people, who live forth the Murray River. Because of their cultural significance and importance in connection to land, the platypus is protected and conserved by these Indigenous peoples.^[93]

The platypus has ofttimes been used as a symbol of Commonwealth of australia's cultural identity. In the 1940s, alive platypuses were given to allies in the 2d Earth War, in guild to strengthen ties and boost morale.^[93]

Platypuses have been used several times equally mascots: Syd the platypus was i of the 3 mascots chosen for the Sydney 2000 Olympics along with an echidna and a kookaburra,^[116] Expo Oz the platypus was the mascot for World Expo 88, which was held in Brisbane in 1988,^[117] and Hexley the platypus is the mascot for the Darwin operating system, the BSD-based core of macOS and other operating systems from Apple Inc.^[118]

Since the introduction of decimal currency to Australia in 1966, the embossed paradigm of a platypus, designed and sculpted by Stuart Devlin, has appeared on the opposite (tails) side of the 20-cent coin.^[119] The platypus has frequently appeared in Australian postage stamps, virtually recently the 2015 "Native Animals" serial and the 2016 "Australian Animals Monotremes" series.^{[120] [121]}

In the American animated series Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015), the title characters own a pet bluish-green platypus named Perry who, unknown to them, is a secret agent. Such choices were inspired past media underuse, equally well every bit to exploit the animal's hitting appearance;^[122] additionally, show creator Dan Povenmire, who also wrote the character'due south theme vocal, said that its opening lyrics are based on the introductory sentence of the Platypus commodity on Wikipedia, copying the "semiaquatic egg-laying mammal" phrase give-and-take for word, and appending the phrase "of activity".^[123] As a character, Perry has been well received by both fans and critics.^{[124] [125]} Coincidentally, real platypuses show a similar cyan color when seen nether ultraviolet lighting.^[126]

Encounter also

• Henry Burrell
• Ellis Joseph
• Fauna of Commonwealth of australia
• Venomous mammal

Citations

1. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Gild Monotremata". In Wilson, D.Eastward.; Reeder, D.G (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins Academy Press. p. two. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ^ ^{a b} Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Ornithorhynchus anatinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: eastward.T40488A21964009. doi:x.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-one.RLTS.T40488A21964009.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
3. ^ "Ornithorhynchus anatinus". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 13 July 2021.
4. ^ Bess, Anna. "ADW: Ornithorhynchidae: Information". Animaldiversity.org. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2022. Retrieved 11 Feb 2022.
5. ^ "Protecting Our Iconic Platypus | Premier of Victoria". www.premier.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
6. ^ Hall, Brian K. (March 1999). "The Paradoxical Platypus". BioScience. 49 (iii): 211–8. doi:x.2307/1313511. JSTOR 1313511.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Duck-billed Platypus". Museum of hoaxes. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
8. ^ ^{a b} Shaw, George; Nodder, Frederick Polydore (1799). "The Duck-Billed Platypus, Platypus anatinus". The Naturalist'south Miscellany. x (CXVIII): 385–386. doi:ten.5962/p.304567. Archived from the original on one October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
9. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g} "Platypus facts file". Australian Platypus Conservancy. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
10. ^ πλατύπους Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Auto, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Dictionary, on Perseus
11. ^ πλατύς Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Motorcar, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
12. ^ πούς Archived 27 Feb 2021 at the Wayback Automobile, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
13. ^ Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1980). Greek-English language Lexicon, Abridged Edition . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN978-0-19-910207-v.
14. ^ ^{a b} Shaw, George; Nodder, Frederick Polydore (1799). "The Duck-Billed Platypus, Platypus anatinus". The Naturalist's Miscellany. ten (CXVIII): 385–386. doi:10.5962/p.304567. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Grant, J.R. "16" (PDF). Beast of Commonwealth of australia. Vol. 1b. Australian Biological Resource Study (ABRS). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2005. Retrieved thirteen September 2006.
16. ^ "Platypus Paradoxes". National Library of Australia. August 2001. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved xiv September 2006.
17. ^ Collins, David. An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume 2 . Retrieved five July 2017 – via Internet Archive.
18. ^ Anich, Paula Spaeth (15 October 2020). "Biofluorescence in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Mammalia. 85 (2): 179–181. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2020-0027.
19. ^ "Platypus: Facts, Pictures: Brute Planet". Animal.discovery.com. 16 November 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
20. ^ Guiler, East.R. (1983). "Tasmanian Devil". In R. Strahan (ed.). The Australian Museum Consummate Book of Australian Mammals. Angus & Robertson. pp. 27–28. ISBN978-0-207-14454-7.
21. ^ ^{a b} Munks, Sarah & Nicol, Stewart (May 1999). "Current research on the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus in Tasmania: Abstracts from the 1999 'Tasmanian Platypus Workshop'". Academy of Tasmania. Archived from the original on xxx August 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
22. ^ "Thermal Biology of the Platypus". Davidson College. 1999. Archived from the original on vi March 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
23. ^ Watson, J.K.; Graves, J.A.M. (1988). "Monotreme Prison cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy". Australian Journal of Zoology. 36 (5): 573–584. doi:10.1071/ZO9880573.
24. ^ Dawson, T.J.; Grant, T.R.; Fanning, D. (1979). "Standard Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy". Australian Journal of Zoology. 27 (4): 511–5. doi:ten.1071/ZO9790511.
25. ^ ^{a b} Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-33922-six.
26. ^ Haeckel (1895). Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata). Entwurf einer systematischen Stammesgeschichte (in German language). Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. pp. 142–143. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved xvi July 2021.
27. ^ Ungar, Peter S. (2010). "Monotremata and Marsupialia". Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution, and Variety. The Johns Hopkins Academy Press. p. 130. ISBN978-0-801-89668-2.
28. ^ Hayashi, S.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Chiba, K.; Ando, T.; Sawamura, H.; Inuzuka, North.; Kaneko, N.; Osaki, T. (2013). "Bone Inner Structure Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)". PLOS ONE. 8 (iv): e59146. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859146H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059146. PMC3615000. PMID 23565143.
29. ^ Fish FE; Frappell PB; Baudinette RV; MacFarlane PM (Feb 2001). "Energetics of terrestrial locomotion of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 4): 797–803. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.4.797. hdl:2440/12192. PMID 11171362.
30. ^ "Australian Fauna". Australian Fauna. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
31. ^ "Platypus venom linked to pain relief". Academy of Sydney. 8 May 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved fourteen May 2010.
32. ^ "Platypus poison". Rainforest Australia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
33. ^ ^{a b c d} Gerritsen, Vivienne Baillie (Dec 2002). "Platypus poison". Protein Spotlight (29). Archived from the original on twenty Oct 2008. Retrieved fourteen September 2006.
34. ^ Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) Evolution of platypus venom revealed. Creation.
35. ^ de Plater, G.Chiliad.; Milburn, P.J.; Martin, R.L. (2001). "Venom From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Induces a Calcium-Dependent Current in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells". Periodical of Neurophysiology. 85 (3): 1340–v. doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1340. PMID 11248005. S2CID 2452708. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
36. ^ "The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved xiii September 2006.
37. ^ Jørn H. Hurum, Zhe-Xi Luo, and Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Were mammals originally venomous?, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1), 2006: 1–eleven
38. ^ Czech-Damal, Nicole U.; Liebschner, Alexander; Miersch, Lars; Klauer, Gertrud; Hanke, Frederike D.; Marshall, Christopher; Dehnhardt, Guido; Hanke, Wolf (22 February 2012). "Electroreception in the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis)". Proceedings of the Majestic Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1729): 663–668. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1127. Retrieved twenty April 2022.
39. ^ Proske, Uwe; Gregory, J. E.; Iggo, A. (1998). "Sensory receptors in monotremes". Philosophical Transactions of the Majestic Gild of London. 353 (1372): 1187–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0275. PMC1692308. PMID 9720114.
40. ^ ^{a b c} Pettigrew, John D. (1999). "Electroreception in Monotremes" (PDF). The Periodical of Experimental Biology. 202 (Pt 10): 1447–54. doi:10.1242/jeb.202.10.1447. PMID 10210685. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved nineteen September 2006.
41. ^ ^{a b} Pettigrew, John D.; Manger, P.R.; Fine, S.L. (1998). "The sensory earth of the platypus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Gild of London. 353 (1372): 1199–1210. doi:ten.1098/rstb.1998.0276. PMC1692312. PMID 9720115.
42. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2004). "The Duckbill'south Tale". The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0-618-00583-3.
43. ^ ^{a b c} Warren, Wesley C.; et al. (8 May 2008). "Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution". Nature. 453 (7192): 175–183. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..175W. doi:10.1038/nature06936. PMC2803040. PMID 18464734.
44. ^ Gregory, J.E.; Iggo, A.; McIntyre, A.K.; Proske, U. (June 1988). "Receptors in the Nib of the Platypus". Journal of Physiology. 400 (1): 349–366. doi:x.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017124. PMC1191811. PMID 3418529.
45. ^ Manning, A.; Dawkins, One thousand.Due south. (1998). An Introduction to Animal Behaviour (fifth ed.). Cambridge Academy Press.
46. ^ ^{a b} Masakazu Asahara; Masahiro Koizumi; Thomas E. Macrini; Suzanne J. Mitt; Michael Archer (2016). "Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth". Science Advances. 2 (10): e1601329. doi:x.1126/sciadv.1601329.
47. ^ Zeiss, Caroline; Schwab, Ivan R.; White potato, Christopher J.; Dubielzig, Richard West. (2011). "Comparative retinal morphology of the platypus". Journal of Morphology. 272 (8): 949–57. doi:x.1002/jmor.10959. PMID 21567446. S2CID 28546474.
48. ^ November 2020, Mindy Weisberger-Senior Author 02. "Platypuses glow an eerie blue-green under UV light". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 7 Nov 2020.
49. ^ "Platypus". Department of Principal Industries and Water, Tasmania. 31 August 2006. Archived from the original on nine Oct 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
50. ^ ^{a b} Sutton, Malcolm (3 May 2017). "Platypus 'sighting' in the Adelaide Hills sparks camera set-up to capture extinct species - ABC News". ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on 26 Nov 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
51. ^ Keogh, Melissa (3 Oct 2018). "Life reinstated to much-loved Warrawong Wildlife Sanctuary". The Pb SA. Archived from the original on 12 Oct 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
52. ^ Adams, Prue (27 March 2005). "Wamsley walks abroad from Earth Sanctuaries". Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 Oct 2020.
53. ^ Sutton, Malcolm (i October 2020). "V6 Commodore water pump gets the tick from nesting platypus at Warrawong". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved vii October 2020.
54. ^ "Research on Kangaroo Island". Academy of Adelaide. four July 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
55. ^ "Find out how platypuses are faring on Kangaroo Island following the bushfires". Department for Surround and Water. 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 12 Oct 2020.
56. ^ ^{a b} Scott, Anthony; Grant, Tom (November 1997). "Impacts of water management in the Murray-Darling Basin on the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the h2o rat (Hydromus chrysogaster)" (PDF). CSIRO Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
57. ^ "Platypus in Country Areas". Australian Platypus Conservancy. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
58. ^ ^{a b c d} "Platypus". Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wild fauna Service. 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
59. ^ ^{a b c} Cromer, Erica (14 April 2004). "Monotreme Reproductive Biological science and Beliefs". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
60. ^ ^{a b c} Grant, T.G.; Temple-Smith, P.D. (1998). "Field biology of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus): historical and electric current perspectives". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1081–91. doi:x.1098/rstb.1998.0267. PMC1692311. PMID 9720106.
61. ^ Gardner, J. Fifty.; Serena, M. (1995). "Spatial-Arrangement and Motion Patterns of Developed Male Platypus, Ornithorhynchus-Anatinus (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 43 (ane): 91–103. doi:10.1071/ZO9950091.
62. ^ ^{a b c} "Platypus in Tasmania | Department of Main Industries, Parks, Water and Surround, Tasmania". dpipwe.tas.gov.au. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
63. ^ Fish, F.Eastward.; Baudinette, R.V.; Frappell, P.B.; Sarre, M.P. (1997). "Energetics of Swimming by the Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus: Metabolic Try Associated with Rowing" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (twenty): 2647–52. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.xx.2647. PMID 9359371. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
64. ^ ^{a b} Philip Bethge (April 2002). "Energetics and foraging behaviour of the platypus". University of Tasmania. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
65. ^ Kruuk, H. (1993). "The Diving Behaviour of the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Waters with Unlike Trophic Condition". The Journal of Applied Ecology. 30 (four): 592–8. doi:x.2307/2404239. JSTOR 2404239.
66. ^ Holland, Jennifer Southward. (July 2011). "xl Winks?". National Geographic. 220 (1).
67. ^ ^{a b} Grant, T. R.; Griffiths, One thousand.; Leckie, R.M.C. (1983). "Aspects of Lactation in the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata), in Waters of Eastern New S Wales". Australian Periodical of Zoology. 31 (6): 881–9. doi:10.1071/ZO9830881.
68. ^ Anna Bess Sorin & Phil Myers (2001). "Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
69. ^ Graves, Jennifer (10 March 2006). "Sexual practice Chromosome Specialization and Degeneration in Mammals". Cell. 124 (5): 901–914. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.024. PMID 16530039. S2CID 8379688.
70. ^ Hughes, R. L.; Hall, Fifty. S. (28 July 1998). "Early development and embryology of the platypus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1101–fourteen. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0269. PMC1692305. PMID 9720108.
71. ^ ^{a b} Manger, Paul R.; Hall, Leslie Due south.; Pettigrew, John D. (29 July 1998). "The development of the external features of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1115–25. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0270. PMC1692310. PMID 9720109.
72. ^ "Ockhams Razor". The Puzzling Platypus. 20 July 2001. Archived from the original on nine Baronial 2017. Retrieved ii December 2006.
73. ^ Myers, P. Z. (2008). "Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome". Nature Educational activity. 1 (one): 462008. Archived from the original on iv March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
74. ^ Carmody, Judy (2011). Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area: Tour Guide Handbook (PDF). James Cook Academy, Marine and Tropical Science Research Facility. Archived (PDF) from the original on vii June 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
75. ^ Australian National Dictionary Eye (November 2017). "Oxford Give-and-take of the Calendar month - November: platypup" (PDF). Oxford University Press. Retrieved twenty April 2022.
76. ^ ^{a b} "Egg-laying mammals" (PDF). Queensland Museum. November 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
77. ^ Lecointre, Guillaume; Le Guyader, Hervé (2006). The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification . Harvard Academy Press. ISBN978-0-674-02183-9 . Retrieved 28 March 2015.
78. ^ ^{a b c} Kirsch, John A. W.; Mayer, Gregory C. (29 July 1998). "The platypus is non a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1221–37. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0278. PMC1692306. PMID 9720117.
79. ^ ^{a b} Rauhut, O.Due west.M.; Martin, T.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Due east.; Puerta, P. (2002). "The first Jurassic mammal from Southward America". Nature. 416 (6877): 165–8. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..165R. doi:10.1038/416165a. PMID 11894091. S2CID 4346804.
80. ^ Messer, M.; Weiss, A.Southward.; Shaw, D.C.; Westerman, M. (March 1998). "Development of the Monotremes: Phylogenetic Relationship to Marsupials and Eutherians, and Estimation of Divergence Dates Based on α-Lactalbumin Amino Acid Sequences". Periodical of Mammalian Evolution. v (1): 95–105. doi:10.1023/A:1020523120739. S2CID 39638466.
81. ^ Phillips MJ; Bennett TH; Lee MS (2009). "Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (40): 17089–94. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10617089P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904649106. PMC2761324. PMID 19805098.
82. ^ ^{a b} Rich, Thomas H.; Hopson, James A.; Gill, Pamela K.; Trusler, Peter; Rogers-Davidson, Sally; Morton, Steve; Cifelli, Richard L.; Pickering, David; Kool, Lesley (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early on Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 40 (4): 475–501. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034. hdl:1885/112071. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 89034974.
83. ^ ^{a b} Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; Balarino, Fifty.; Udrizar Sauthier, D.Eastward. (2002). "New information on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (three): 487–492. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
84. ^ Folger, Tim (1993). "A platypus in Patagonia (Aboriginal life – 1992)". Detect. 14 (1): 66.
85. ^ Mihai, Andrei (2013). "'Platypus-zilla' fossil unearthed in Commonwealth of australia". ZME Science. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
86. ^ Selim, Jocelyn (25 April 2005). "Sex, Ys, and Platypuses". Discover. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
87. ^ Frank Grützner; Willem Rens; Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush; Nisrine El-Mogharbel; Patricia C. G. O'Brien; Russell C. Jones; Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith; Jennifer A. Marshall Graves (16 December 2004). "In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes". Nature. 432 (7019): 913–917. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..913G. doi:10.1038/nature03021. PMID 15502814. S2CID 4379897.
88. ^ "Beyond the Platypus Genome – 2008 Boden Enquiry Conference". Reprod Fertil Dev. 21 (8): i–nine, 935–1027. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
89. ^ Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik (2014). "Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes beyond mammals". Nature. 508 (7497): 488–493. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..488C. doi:10.1038/nature13151. PMID 24759410. S2CID 4462870.
90. ^ Salleh, Anna (5 May 2014). "Platypus Sex 'Master Switch' Identified". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on half dozen July 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
91. ^ Zhou, Yang; Shearwin-Whyatt, Linda; Li, Jing; Song, Zhenzhen; Hayakawa, Takashi; Stevens, David; Fenelon, Jane C.; Peel, Emma; Cheng, Yuanyuan; Pajpach, Filip; Bradley, Natasha (6 Jan 2021). "Platypus and echidna genomes reveal mammalian biological science and evolution". Nature. 592 (7856): 756–762. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..756Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03039-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC8081666. PMID 33408411.
92. ^ John Woinarski (Natural Resource, Environs and The Arts; Group), Andrew Burbidge (IUCN SSC Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist (22 Apr 2014). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ornithorhynchus anatinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
93. ^ ^{a b c d e f one thousand h} Hawke, Tahneal; Bino, Gilad; Kingsford., Richard T. (17 November 2020). A national cess of the conservation status of the platypus (PDF) (Written report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 Nov 2020. Retrieved 28 Nov 2020.
94. ^ ^{a b c} Wilcox, Christie (29 August 2019). "The silent reject of the platypus, Commonwealth of australia's beloved oddity". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
95. ^ "EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Government. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Archived from the original on 5 Nov 2020. Retrieved 12 Oct 2020.
96. ^ University of New South Wales (21 January 2020). "Platypus on brink of extinction". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
97. ^ "Platypus on brink of extinction". ScienceDaily. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on xix October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
98. ^ Bino, Gilad; Kingsford, Richard T.; Wintleb, Brendan A. (1 February 2020). "A stitch in fourth dimension – Synergistic impacts to platypus metapopulation extinction risk". Biological Conservation. 242: 108399. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108399. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 213833757. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020 – via ScienceDirect (Elsevier).
99. ^ Cox, Lisa (23 November 2020). "Commonwealth of australia'due south platypus habitat has shrunk 22% in 30 years, study says". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
100. ^ "Platypus should be listed as a threatened species: new report". UNSW Newsroom. University of New S Wales. 23 Nov 2020. Archived from the original on 26 Nov 2020. Retrieved 28 Nov 2020.
101. ^ "A national assessment of the conservation condition of the platypus". Australian Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 Nov 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
102. ^ "Platypus Fungal Disease". Department of Primary Industries and H2o, Tasmania. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
103. ^ ^{a b} "Fantastic Fleay turns twenty!". Zoos Victoria. 31 Oct 2013. Archived from the original on ix November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
104. ^ "David Fleay's achievements". Queensland Government. 23 November 2003. Archived from the original on two October 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
105. ^ ^{a b} "Platypus". Goad. thirteen Nov 2003. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved thirteen September 2006.
106. ^ "Pitter patter – Platypus twins!". Zoo Victoria. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
107. ^ "Zoos". Australian Platypus Conservancy. 22 Nov 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
108. ^ "Alone Pino Koala Sanctuary". Koala.internet. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
109. ^ "Walkabout Creek". Queensland Authorities. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
110. ^ "Abode". Archived from the original on eight March 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
111. ^ "About Us". Warrawong Wildlife Sanctuary. i September 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
112. ^ Anderson, Erik (22 Nov 2019). "Rare Platypus On Display At San Diego Zoo Safari Park". KPBS Public Media. Archived from the original on xiii May 2020. Retrieved 29 Dec 2019. The animals are the merely platypuses on brandish exterior of their native country.
113. ^ "Platypus | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants". animals.sandiegozoo.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
114. ^ Lee S. Crandall (1964). The Direction of Wild Mammals in Captivity. Academy of Chicago Printing.
115. ^ ^{a b} McKay, Helen F.; McLeod, Pauline E.; Jones, Francis F.; Barber, June E. (2001). Gadi Mirrabooka: Australian Aboriginal Tales from the Dreaming. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN978-1563089237.
116. ^ "A Cursory History of the Olympic and Paralympic Mascots". Beijing2008. 5 August 2004. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
117. ^ "About World Expo '88". Foundation Expo '88. 1988. Archived from the original on xix December 2013. Retrieved 17 Dec 2007.
118. ^ "The Home of Hexley the Platypus". Archived from the original on xiii February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
119. ^ "Circulating coins: Twenty Cents". Royal Australian Mint. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
120. ^ "Native Animals - Issue Date xiii January 2015". Commonwealth of australia Post Collectables. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
121. ^ "Australian Animlas Monotremes - Issue Engagement 26 September 2016". Commonwealth of australia Post Collectables. Archived from the original on 26 Jan 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
122. ^ "Disney gives 'Ferb' pickup, major push button – Q&A: Dan Povenmire". The Hollywood Reporter. 7 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved five March 2017.
123. ^ "Perry the Platypus" Alive at Musi-Cal, archived from the original on ii January 2021, retrieved 23 March 2021
124. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (twenty Nov 2009). "'Phineas' star Perry makes mark on auds". Variety. Archived from the original on ii Dec 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
125. ^ Jackson, John (31 March 2009). "5 Reasons Why Phineas and Ferb is the Best Kids Bear witness on Television receiver". Paste. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
126. ^ Anich, Paula Spaeth; Anthony, Sharon; Carlson, Michaela; Gunnelson, Adam; Kohler, Allison Thou.; Martin, Jonathan One thousand.; Olson, Erik R. (i March 2021). "Biofluorescence in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Mammalia. 85 (ii): 179–181. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2020-0027. ISSN 1864-1547. Retrieved xx April 2022.

References

Books

• Augee, Michael Fifty. (2001). "Platypus". World Book Encyclopedia.
• Burrell, Harry (1974). The Platypus. Adelaide SA: Rigby. ISBN978-0-85179-521-viii.
• Fleay, David H. (1980). Paradoxical Platypus: Hobnobbing with Duckbills. Jacaranda Press. ISBN978-0-7016-1364-8.
• Grant, Tom (1995). The platypus: a unique mammal. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN978-0-86840-143-0.
• Griffiths, Mervyn (1978). The Biological science of the Monotremes. Academic Printing. ISBN978-0-12-303850-0.
• Hutch, Michael; McDade, Melissa C., eds. (2004). "Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Lower metazoans and bottom deuterosomes". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 12: Mammals Three. Gale. ISBN9780787657772. OCLC 1089554968.
• Moyal, Ann Mozley (2004). Platypus: The Boggling Story of How a Curious Animate being Baffled the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Academy Press. ISBN978-0-8018-8052-0.
• Strahan, Ronald; Van Dyck, Steve (April 2006). Mammals of Australia (tertiary ed.). New The netherlands. ISBN978-1-877069-25-three.

Documentaries

• "Southern Exposure". Eye of the Tempest. 2000. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on vii May 2013. DVD EAN 9398710245592
• "El Niño". Centre of the Storm. 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013.

External links

• Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Ornithorhynchus anatinus
• Platypus facts
• View the platypus genome in Ensembl

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus

Posted by: masonhimought.blogspot.com

Share this post